Resumen Introducción: Debido a la pandemia por COVID-19 fue necesario implementar la cuarentena obligatoria, con el fin de contener la propagación del virus; situación que generó cambios en los estilos de vida y diversas respuestas que incluyen temor, ansiedad, monotonía e incertidumbre. Esto pudo alterar la capacidad en la percepción del tiempo de los individuos, y con ello afectar su salud mental. Objetivo: Sintetizar las bases neurológicas del fenómeno de percepción de tiempo, su importancia y la evidencia científica sobre posibles alteraciones en condiciones de cuarentena. Materiales y métodos: Revisión bibliográfica temática en bases de datos Pubmed, Medline, Scopus, y Google Scholar. Los términos de búsqueda en español e inglés incluyeron: percepción de tiempo, estimación de tiempo, pandemia, cognición, estados emocionales, salud mental. Resultados: Se describe el concepto de percepción del tiempo, sus bases neurológicas y las alteraciones que se pueden generar. Conclusión: La salud mental fue afectada por la pandemia, sin embargo, se desconoce con claridad la forma como se desarrolló dicha afectación a mediano y largo plazo.

Abstract Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic made it necessary to implement obligatory quarantine measures in order to contain viral spreading. This situation generated lifestyle changes and diverse responses such as fear, anxiety, monotony, and uncertainty. This affected the people’s capacity to perceive time resulting in changes in mental health. Objective: Synthesize the neurological bases of the phenomenon of time perception, its importance and the scientific evidence regarding the possible alterations in the conditions of quarantine. Materials of methods: A thematic bibliographic review was carried out in Pubmed, Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. The Spanish and English keywords used were: perception of time, estimation of time, pandemic, cognition, emotional states, and mental health. Results: The concept of time perception, its neurological bases and the alterations that can be generated are described. Conclusions: Mental health was affected during pandemic, yet its effects in the short-term and long-term are not understood clearly.

RESUMEN El consentimiento informado es un proceso que tiene la intención de autorizar o llegar a un acuerdo con el profesional para la realización de un procedimiento en el área de la salud o en el campo de la investigación, que se formaliza con la firma de un documento. Este consentimiento refleja la voluntad y la autonomía de dicho individuo y su capacidad, una vez ilustrado en detalle sobre la intervención, para entender los resultados principales y los potenciales riesgos de dicha intervención y su voluntad de asumirlos, sin presión externa. Aunque esto parece trivial, la historia muestra que voluntad y autonomía no han sido valores tenidos en cuenta en el área de la salud y menos en el campo de la investigación, de manera intencional o por omisión. Para la presente revisión, se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos PubMed, Medline, Scielo y Google Académico. Se utilizaron los siguientes descriptores: historia de la investigación, ética, consentimiento informado, investigación, enfermería y comprensión, encontrando 2.800 artículos, en idiomas inglés, portugués y español, sin restricción de un límite de tiempo; luego, se efectuó la lectura del resumen de los artículos, seleccionando los 80 que más se acercaban al tema y se emplearon. Como resultado del análisis de la información, se generaron algunas pautas orientadas a mejorar el proceso de consentimiento informado, a través de técnicas que mejoren la explicación por parte del profesional de salud y la comprensión del participante o paciente.

ABSTRACT Informed consent is a legal document signed by an individual who will undergo an intervention in the health area, or in the research field. This informed consent reflects the individual wellbeing and autonomy and his / her capacity, once he or she has been illustrated in detail about the intervention, to understand its main results and its potential risks of said intervention and his / her willingness to assume it without external pressure. Although this seems trivial, history shows that wellbeing and autonomy have not been considered values in the health area and lesser in research, intentionally or by omission. For the present review, a bibliographic search was carried out in PubMed, Medline, Scielo and Google Scholar databases. The following descriptors were used: history of research, ethics, informed consent, research, nursing and comprehension. We found 2800 articles, in English, Portuguese and Spanish, without time limit. Then after reading abstract of the Articles it was selected 80 articles that were close to the subject and there were used. As a result of the analysis of the information, some guidelines were generated aimed to improve the informed consent process through techniques that improve the explanation by the health professional and the understanding of the participant or patient.

Resumo O presente estudo demonstrou uma variação rara da veia jugular interna direita (VJI), identificada durante uma dissecção de rotina de um cadáver masculino. A VJI direita apresentou uma tributária localizada paralelamente e medialmente à referida veia. Essa tributária da VJI emergiu entre os processos transversos das 3ª e 4ª vértebras cervicais e drenou para a junção entre as veias jugular interna e braquiocefálica direita. O conhecimento da variação anatômica demonstrado no presente estudo é importante para os cirurgiões, a fim de prevenir lesões acidentais e sangramento durante procedimentos cirúrgicos.

Abstract This study reports on a rare variation of the right internal jugular vein (IJV) identified during routine anatomic dissection of a male cadaver. The right IJV had a tributary located parallel and medially to the IJV itself. This branch of the IJV emerged between the transverse processes of the 3rd and 4th cervical vertebrae and drained into the junction between the right internal jugular and brachiocephalic veins. The present study described a rare branch of the right IJV, which is important knowledge for surgeons, in order to prevent accidental injury and bleeding during surgical procedures.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la estabilidad del β-caroteno procedente de residuos de chontaduro (Bactris gasipaes), mediante dos procesos de encapsulación por secado spray: El primer proceso (MC1) consistió en una mezcla de maltodextrina: goma arábiga como materiales de pared, temperatura de entrada 160 °C, salida 70°C, caudal 12.6 mL/min y en el segundo proceso (MC2) se usó gelatina, azúcar y lecitina, temperatura de entrada 100 °C, salida 65°C, caudal 3.13 mL/min . Las microcápsulas obtenidas de (MC1 y MC2) fueron sometidas a pruebas fisicoquímicas, evaluando su estabilidad ante la temperatura, la luz, pH y oxígeno frente a un control de β-caroteno extraído en aceite de girasol (RCSO). Los resultados indicaron que las microcápsulas obtenidas del proceso (MC2) presentaron una mejor estabilidad de β-caroteno (p <0,05) frente a MC1 y RCSO, al presentar mayores niveles de retención (88.24%), temperatura (90.11%), luz (67.36%), pH (84.21%) y oxígeno 79.23%).

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the stability of β-carotene from peach palm residues (Bactris gasipaes) when using two processes of encapsulation with spray drying: The first process (MC1) consisted of a mixture of maltodextrin: gum arabic as the wall material, an inlet temperature of 160°C, an outlet temperature of 70 °C, flow rate of 12.6 mL/min; the second process (MC2) used gelatin, sugar and lecithin, an inlet temperature of 100°C, an outlet temperature of 65°C, and a flow rate of 3.13 mL/min. The microcapsules (MC1 and MC2) were subjected to physicochemical tests, evaluating their stability for temperature, light, pH and oxygen, as compared to a control of β-carotene extracted from sunflower oil (RCSO). The results indicated that the microcapsules obtained from process (MC2) had better β-carotene stability (p <0.05), as compared to MC1 and RCSO, with higher levels of retention (88.24%), temperature (90.11%), light (67.36%), pH (84.21%) and oxygen (79.23%).

Abstract: The first record of tricolored munia (Lonchura malacca) is presented in the state of Oaxaca, a species introduced in the Caribbean and which has rapidly colonized wetlands and coastal areas of Mesoamerica. The tricolored munia has been sighted since 1993; in Yucatán (1993, 1998, 2005, 2014, 2015), Quintana Roo (2003, 2004, 2016), Campeche (2005, 2009, 2011, 2013- 2017), Chiapas (2007, 2010, 2013), 2015), Tabasco (2012, 2014, 2016), Veracruz (2014), Jalisco (2015) and Oaxaca State (2016). The evaluation of the distribution of this species in Mexican territory is important from an ecological and economic perspective, considering that this species can become a pest for rice and sorghum crops, 2 of the most important crops of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.

Resumen: Se presenta el primer registro del capuchino tricolor (Lonchura malacca) en el estado de Oaxaca, una especie introducida en el Caribe y que rápidamente ha colonizado humedales y zonas costeras de Mesoamérica. En México, el capuchino tricolor ha sido avistado desde 1993; en Yucatán (1993, 1998, 2005, 2014, 2015), Quintana Roo (2003, 2004, 2016), Campeche (2005, 2009, 2011, 2013- 2017), Chiapas (2007, 2010, 2013, 2015), Tabasco (2012, 2014, 2016), Veracruz (2014), Jalisco (2015) y Oaxaca (2016). La evaluación de la distribución de esta especie en territorio mexicano es importante desde una perspectiva ecológica y económica, considerando que ésta puede convertirse en una plaga para los cultivos de arroz y sorgo, 2 de los cultivos más importantes en el istmo de Tehuantepec.

Abstract Basic biomedical research is a necessity in the health field, in order to evaluate diverse substances and procedures and to ensure the benefit of patients who will employ them. However there are limitations in our countries for this type of research because of the high budget demand, especially due to infrastructure and care that traditional animal models require and which must meet specific ethical standards. Having an animal model of low cost and high versatility can encourage preclinical research, especially in the field of anesthesiology. The zebrafish is an emerging animal model with many characteristics that places it as an attractive alternative model for basic biomedical research: it has high fertility, quick development since the embryonic stage to adult and the cost of infrastructure, supplies and reagents needed for breeding and reproduction are low. This work is a narrative review and the aim is to present studies showing where fish were used for drug research and to develop protocols with anesthetics. In addition, the general characteristics of zebrafish and some basic research work in the field of anesthesiology in which the zebrafish has been used as a model are presented. This information can be useful for professionals and researchers interested in conducting basic biomedical research with zebrafish as a low cost animal model.

Resumen La investigación biomédica básica es una necesidad en el campo de la salud, pues muchas sustancias y procedimientos son evaluados para garantizar el beneficio de los pacientes, en quienes finalmente serán empleados. Sin embargo existen limitaciones en nuestros países para realizar este tipo de investigación, debido a la alta inversión que demanda, especialmente debido a la infraestructura y el cuidado que los modelos animales tradicionales empleados requieren, los cuales deben cumplir con normas bioéticas específicas. El contar con un modelo animal de bajo costo y alta versatilidad puede fomentar la investigación preclínica en especial en el área de anestesiología. El pez cebra es un modelo animal emergente con muchas cualidades que lo posicionan como una alternativa atractiva para realizar investigación biomédica básica: tiene alta fecundidad, posee un desarrollo rápido desde el estadio embrionario hasta adulto y el costo de la infraestructura, los insumos y los reactivos necesarios para su crianza y reproducción son bajos. El presente trabajo es una revisión narrativa que muestra estudios que han empleado peces para investigación de fármacos y protocolos de anestesia. De igual forma se presentan las características generales del pez cebra y algunos trabajos de investigación básica en el campo de la anestesiología en los cuales se ha empleado como animal de experimentación. Esta información puede ser útil para profesionales e investigadores del área de la anestesiología interesados en realizar investigación biomédica básica con el pez cebra como modelo de estudio.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the penile morphological modifications of pubertal and adult rats chronically treated with supra-physiological doses of anabolic androgenic steroids. METHODS: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were distributed into four groups: two control groups, 105- and 65-day-old (C105 and C65, respectively) injected with peanut oil (vehicle); and two treated groups, 105- and 65-day-old (T105 and T65, respectively) injected with nandrolone decanoate at a dose of 10 mg Kg-1 of body weight. The rats were injected once a week for eight weeks. The rats were then killed and their penises were processed for histomorphometric analyses. The mean of each parameter was statistically compared. RESULTS: A corpus cavernosum reduction of 12.5% and 10.9% was observed in the T105 and T65 groups, respectively, when compared with their respective control groups. The cavernosum smooth muscle surface density diminished by 5.6% and 12.9% in the T65 and T105 groups, respectively, when compared with their controls. In contrast, the sinusoidal space increased by 17% in the T105 group and decreased by 9.6% in the T65 group. CONCLUSION: The use of supra-physiological doses of AAS promotes structural changes in the rat penis, by altering the proportions of corpus cavernosum tissues, in both pubertal and adult treated animals.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of different grazing pressures on the activity and diversity of soil bacteria. We performed a long-term experiment in Eldorado do Sul, southern Brazil, that assessed three levels of grazing pressure: high pressure (HP), with 4% herbage allowance (HA), moderate pressure (MP), with 12% HA, and low pressure (LP), with 16% HA. Two reference areas were also assessed, one of never-grazed native vegetation (NG) and another of regenerated vegetation after two years of grazing (RG). Soil samples were evaluated for microbial biomass and enzymatic (β-glucosidase, arylsulfatase and urease) activities. The structure of the bacterial community and the population of diazotrophic bacteria were evaluated by RFLP of the 16S rRNA and nifH genes, respectively. The diversity of diazotrophic bacteria was assessed by partial sequencing of the 16S rDNA gene. The presence of grazing animals increased soil microbial biomass in MP and HP. The structures of the bacterial community and the populations of diazotrophic bacteria were altered by the different grazing managements, with a greater diversity of diazotrophic bacteria in the LP treatment. Based on the characteristics evaluated, the MP treatment was the most appropriate for animal production and conservation of the Pampa biome.

Purpose Many adverse effects have been associated with abuse of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), including disorders of the urogenital tract. The objective of this study is to analyze the morphological modifications in the prostate ventral lobe of pubertal and adult rats chronically treated with AAS, using morphometric methods. Materials and Methods: We studied 39 male Wistar rats weighing between 400 g and 550 g. The rats were divided into four groups: (a) control rats, with 105 days of age (C105) (n = 7); (b) control rats with 65 days of age (C65) (n = 9), injected only with the vehicle (peanut oil); (c) treated rats, with 105 days of age (T105) (n = 10) and (d) treated rats with 65 days of age (T65) (n = 13). The treated rats were injected with nandrolone decanoate at a dose of 10 mg.Kg-1 body weight. The steroid hormone and the vehicle were administered by intramuscular injection once a week for eight weeks. The rats were killed at 161 days of age (C105 and T105) and 121 days of age (C65 and T65) and the ventral prostate lobe was dissected and processed for histology. The height of the acinar epithelium, the surface densities of the lumen, epithelium and stroma were observed with X400 magnification using an Olympus light microscope coupled to a Sony CCD video camera, and the images transferred to a Sony monitor KX14-CP1. The selected histological areas were then quantified using the M42 test-grid system on the digitized fields. The data were analyzed with the Graphpad software. To compare the quantitative data in both groups (controls and treated) and the outcomes, Student's t-test was used (p < 0.05 was considered significant). Results: The weight (p < 0.001) and volume (p = 0.004) of the prostate ventral lobe showed differences between C65 and T65 groups and between C105 and T105 groups. The epithelium height showed no difference between groups C65 and T65 (p = 0.8509), but the T105 group showed an increase of 32% compared to C105 (p = 0.0089). Concerning the lumen, surface density presented no difference between C65 and T65 (p = 0.9031) and a decrease of 19% for T105 compared to C105 (p = 0.0061). There was no difference in epithelium surface density between C65 and T65 (p = 0.7375), but it was 51% higher (p = 0.0065) in T105 compared with C105. Regarding stroma surface density, there were no differences between C65 and T65 or between C105 and T105. Finally, there was no difference in collagen pattern between C105 and T105, but T65 showed a predominance of collagen fibers compared to C65. Conclusion: The use of anabolic androgenic steroids in rats promotes structural changes in the prostate. We observed structural changes in the weight, volume and epithelium height of the prostate ventral lobe and a predominance of collagen fibers.

In the present study the antifungal activity in vitro of the aqueous extracts of clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum); and Mexican oregano (Lippia berlandieri) obtained by hydrodistillation process were evaluated, against six major pathogenic fungi that cause diseases in food (Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata, Geotrichum candidum, Trichoderma spp., Penicillum digitatum y Aspergillus niger). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determinate by inhibition of mycelia growth and the principal compounds contained in the aqueous extracts were analyzed by HPLC. The results showed that the aqueous extracts of Mexican oregano showed major inhibition of mycelia growth with a 40mg/L. The principal constituents identified in the spice extracts were phenolic acids, flavonoids, and volatile compounds (Eugenol, Thymol and Carvacrol).

En el presente trabajo se evaluó la actividad antifúngica in vitro de extractos acuosos de especias de clavo (Eugenia caryophyllata) canela (Cinnamomum zeylanicum); y orégano mexicano (Lippia berlandieri) obtenidos mediante la técnica de hidrodestilación, contra seis de los principales hongos patógenos que atacan a los alimentos (Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata, Geotrichum candidum, Trichoderma spp., Penicillum digitatum y Aspergillus niger). La concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) se determinó utilizando la técnica de inhibición del crecimiento micelial y los componentes principales de los extractos acuosos obtenidos se evaluaron por HPLC. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que el extracto acuoso de orégano presentó la mejor capacidad de inhibición de crecimiento radial del micelio con una concentración de 40 mg/L. Los principales constituyentes identificados en los extractos acuosos de las especies estudiadas fueron ácidos fenólicos, flavonoides, y compuestos volátiles (Eugenol, Timol y Carvacrol).

El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar las diferencias en el tiempo de respuesta ante una tarea tipo stroop emocional entre sujetos con y sin ansiedad social. Se utilizó un diseño descriptivo comparativo y participaron 63 personas divididas en dos grupos según las puntuaciones en el instrumento FNE. Todos los participantes de ambos grupos debieron resolver tres tareas tipo stroop una tradicional, otra neutral y una emocional. Se evidenciaron diferencias significativas en los tiempos de ejecución en todas las tareas tipo stroop, siendo siempre mayor el tiempo de ejecución en las personas con ansiedad social. Todas las diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas, aunque la que obtuvo la mayor significancia fue la tarea de stroop emocional. Estos resultados son analizados a partir de los procesos atencionales y motivacionales.

The purpose of this research was to identify differences in response time to an emotional stroop task in subjects with and without social anxiety. A comparative descriptive design was used in a sample of 63 participants, which were divided into two groups according to the scores on the FNE instrument. All of them were measured by three different Stroop type tasks: the traditional, the neutral and the emotional. It was found, significant differences in execution times in the Stroop type tasks, and the greatest executive time was presented by people with social anxiety. All differences were statistically relevant, although the emotional Stroop task got the highest significance. The results were analyzed from attentional and motivational processes.

We report a case of an acute mechanical haemolisis in a woman of 50 years old that ocurred after a percutaneous closure of a patent ductus arteriosus by a Rashkind double umbrella prosthesis.Surgical removal of the device using Cardiopulmonary bypass and ligation of the duct were required before haemolisis was abolished. (Rev Med Hered 1998; 9:123-127).